Preface
First of all, we want to say thanks to Almighty God,
for His guidance and blessing we can finish this final task in English
Phonology.
We also want to say thanks for our lecturer, Mr.
Donald D. Lotulung, S. S., M. Hum, for teaching and give us motivation to
finish this task. Thanks to our friends in group who helped each others, and
spent time together to did our task with spirit and team worked.
In this final task, we will discuss about Phonology
Structure of Tonsea Language. We hope
this discussion can be useful for adding our knowledge about local language in
Sulawesi Utara which is almost extinct nowadays.
However, we realize this discussion is not perfect yet,
so we accept all of the suggest & critic from the reader.
|
Manado, May 30th 2013
Writer Team
|
Table of Contents
Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Table of Contents..………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Chapter I : Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.1.
Background………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Chapter II : Discussion about Tonsea Language…………………………………………….. 15
2.1.
The
Phonological Structure of Tonsea Language……………………….. 15
2.2.
Vowel.……………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
2.3.
Consonant.…………………………………………………………………………………. 16
2.4.
Diphtong.……………………………………………………………………………………. 17
2.4.1.
Rising
Diphtong..…………………………………………………….. 17
2.4.2.
Falling
Diphtong.…………………………………………………….. 17
2.4.3.
Centering
Diphtong.……………………………………………….. 17
2.5.
Cluster………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.6.
Allophones.………………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.7.
Minimal
Pair..……………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.8.
Complementary
Distribution……………………………………………………… 19
2.8.1.
Vowel……………………………………………………………………… 19
2.8.2.
Consonant.……………………………………………………………… 20
2.9.
Syllable..……………………………………………………………………………………… 20
Chapter III : Conclusion.………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Appendix.……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
1.
Map..……..…………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
2.
Informants………………………………………………………….. 35
Chapter I
Introduction
1.1.
Background
History
of North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi has a fairly long
history of historical and helped bring figures can also take part in the
formation of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia Dr. Sam Ratulangi.
The man known by the motto Si Tou Timou Tumoutou human life or to humanize the
other man could participate in building the foundation of Indonesia which is
based on the Pancasila. And as the next generation or Sam Ratulangi in the
present, we should also know the history of the North Sulawesi province.
Here's the history of the North
Sulawesi province that we took from the official website of the provincial
government of North Sulawesi, located at www.sulut.go.id/new/=North Sulawesi
has a background of a long history before the area was dipaling northern end of
the archipelago is a Provincial Level One. History of Local Government of North
Sulawesi, is not much different from other provincial history that lies in a
Sulawesi island has several administrative changes.
History of North Sulawesi
Government
At the beginning of the independence of
the Republic of Indonesia, the residency status of this region which is part of
Sulawesi. Along with the government, then under Government Regulation no. 5
1960 Sulawesi Province is divided into two parts, namely South Sulawesi and
Southeast Sulawesi-North-Central. To organize governance in the province of
North-Central Sulawesi, the Indonesian Presidential Decree No. 122/1960 m on
March 23, 1960 Mr. instituted. A.A. Baramuli as the first Provincial Governor
of North-Central Sulawesi. Nine months later Sulawesi Province North-Central
and South-East Sulawesi province reorganized the status of a Regional Level I
North-Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi Provinces-East through Government
Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 47 / Prp / 1960. The province-level regions
Sulutteng include: Municipality of Manado, Gorontalo Township, and eight
second-level regions, respectively: Sangihe Talaud, Bolaang Bolaang, Minahasa,
Gorontalo, Buol Toli-Toli, Donggala, Poso, and Luwuk / Banggai. With the
enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 47 this Prp/1960, then
began the administration of autonomous regions Level I Sulawesi, North Sulawesi
region which is part of the Provinces of North-Central Sulawesi.
North
Minahasa regency
(Often abbreviated Minut) with the central government and
the capital in Airmadidi, located in the province of North Sulawesi. The
district has a strategic location because it is located between the two cities,
the port city of Manado and Bitung. With distance from the city center of
Manado to Airmadidi about 12 km which can be reached within 30 minutes. Most of
Sam Ratulangi Airport area located in North Minahasa region.
Potential of Natural
Resources
Agricultural resources and farm with coconut trees that are
the belle of the largest in the entire region Minut that is the main farming
population. Additionally clove plants and fruits such as fruit Duku, Langsat,
mangosteen and rambutan are produced by farmers. Marine resources and
fisheries, the freshwater fishery, fish and fish Mujair Mas. Seawater fishing
ponds form grouper, milkfish, shrimp, lobster and breeding Seaweed and Shells
Pearls. Mining resources are resources that still has the potential hidden
because until now there has been processed to the fullest. Where North Minahasa
also has great potential gold wealth. [Citation needed]
Minahasa tribe is one of the tribes
located in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Minahasa tribe is the largest ethnic
group in the province of North Sulawesi. Minahasa tribe is divided into several
subsuku:
Tontemboan
Tombulu
Tonsea
Toulour (Tondano)
Tonsawang (Tombatu / Tondanow)
Ponosakan
Pasan (Ratahan)
Bantik
Tourism
This area has a lot of potential for
tourism, among others:
• Cultural Tourism, the cultural heritage
Waruga or Minahasa ancestors grave stone, Stone grew up in the village Sawangan
DISTRICT Airmadidi and Bull Race.
• Tourism Sea, the Marine Park on the
island of Ganges, Lihaga island, the island Nain and Talise island.
• Tomb of national hero Mother Mary Walanda
Maramis.
• The highest mountain in North Sulawesi,
namely Mount Klabat or Tamporok.
• Traditional markets in Airmadidi that
sells a variety of typical food Tonsea.
• As well as a new tourist attraction built by the local
government, which is the object of Religious Tourism and Forest Memories Dian
Street, both located at the foot of the mountain Klabat.
Hotels and Lodging
Has two four-star hotels, namely Hotel in Watutumou and
Sutan Raja Hotel Paradise in Likupang. In addition, many established international
standard resort, among others, Kima Bajo Resort and Ganga Resort.
Education
There are international schools, namely Manado International
School (MIS) in Kalawat district, also in the district Airmadidi Klabat
University.
Rate
Residents of North Minahasa regency predominantly ethnic
Minahasa [Tonsea]
Register District
North Minahasa regency consists of 10 districts, namely:
• Airmadidi
• Kalawat
• Dimembe
• Talawaan
• Kauditan
• Kema
• West Likupang
• South Likupang
• East Likupang
• Wori
EXPANSION DISTRICT CANDIDATES
• ((Tonsea, North Minahasa) Sawangan))
1. Airmadidi
districts roster Village / Village in District Airmadidi City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Airmadidi Up (Post
Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Airmadidi Down (Post Code: 95 371) - Village
/ Country Rap-Rap (Post Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Sampiri (Post Code:
95 371) - Village / Country Sarongsong Two (Post Code: 95 371) - Village /
Country Sarongsong One (Post Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Sawangan (Post
Code: 95 371) - District / Village Sukur (Post Code: 95 371) - Village /
Country Tanggari (Post Code: 95 371)
2.Dimembe
districts roster Village / Village in District Dimembe City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Dimembe (Post Code: 95
373) - Village / Country Pinilih (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Klabat
( Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Laikit (Post Code: 95 373) - Village /
Country Lumpias (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Matungkas (Post Code:
95 373) - Village / Country Tatelu Rondor (Post Code: 95 373) - Village /
Country Tatelu One (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Tetey (Post Code: 95
373) - Village / Country Warukapas (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country
Wasian (Post Code: 95 373)
3.Kalawat
districts roster Village / Village in District Kalawat City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Kalawat (Post Code: 95
378) - Village / Country Kaleosan (Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country
Kawangkoan ( Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country New Kawangkoan (Post Code:
95 378) - Village / Country Kolongan (Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country
Kolongan Tetempangan (Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country Kuwil (Post Code:
95 378) - Village / Country Maumbi (Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country
Suwaan (Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country Watutumou I (Post Code: 95 378)
- Village / Country Watutumou II (Post Code: 95 378) - Village / Country
Watutumou III (Post Code: 95 378)
4. Kauditan
districts roster Village / Village in District Kauditan City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Kaasar (Post Code: 95
372) - Village / Country Kaima (Post Code: 95 372) - Village / Country
Karegesan ( Post Code: 95 372) - Village / Country Kauditan Two (Post Code: 95
372) - Village / Country Kauditan One (Post Code: 95 372) - Village / Country
Kawiley (Kawilei) (Post Code: 95 372) - Village / Country Lembean (Post Code:
95 372) - District / Village Paslaten (Post Code: 95 372) - Village / Country
Treman (Post Code: 95 372) - Village / Country Tumaluntung (Post Code: 95 372)
- Village / Country Watudambo (Post Code: 95 372)
5. Kema
districts roster Village / Village in District Kema City / North Minahasa regency,
North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Kema Two (ZIP: 95379) - Village
/ Country Kema One (ZIP: 95379) - Village / Country Kema Three (ZIP: 95379) -
Village / Country Lansot (ZIP: 95379) - Village / Country Lilang (ZIP: 95379) -
Village / Country Makalisung (ZIP: 95379) - Village / Country Tontalete (ZIP:
95379) - Village / Waleo village (Code: 95379)
6. Districts
of West Likupang roster Village / West Village in District Likupang City /
North Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Airbanua
(Aer Banua) (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Bahoi (Post Code: 95 377) -
District / Village Ganges Two (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Ganges
One (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Jayakarsa (Post Code: 95 377) -
Village / Country Kinabuhutan (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Maliambao
(Postcode: 95 377) - Village / Country Mubune (Post Code: 95 377) - Village /
Country Munte (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Palaes (Post Code: 95
377) - Village / Country Paputungan (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country
Serey (Serei) (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Village Talise (Post Code: 95
377) - Village / Village Tambun (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Land
White (Post Code: 95 377) - Village / Country Tarabitan (Post Code: 95 377) -
Village / Country Termaal (Thermal) (Post Code: 95 377)
7. South
Likupang districts roster Village / Village in the District of South Likupang
City / North Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country
Rock (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Kaweruan (Post Code: 95 375) -
Village / Country Kokoleh Two (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Kokoleh
One (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Paslaten (Post Code: 95 375) -
Village / Country Wangurer (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Werot (Post
Code: 95 375)
8. East
Likupang districts roster Village / East Village in District Likupang City /
North Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Kahuku
(Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Kalinaun (Post Code: 95 375) - Village
/ Country Libas (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Lihunu (Post Code: 95
375) - Village / Country Likupang Two (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country
Likupang One (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Maen (Post Code: 95 375) -
Village / Village Marinsow (Marinsouw) (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country
Pinenek (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Pulisan (Post Code: 95 375) -
Village / Country Rinondoran (Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Sarawet
(Serawet) ( Post Code: 95 375) - Village / Country Wineru (Post Code: 95 375) -
Village / Country Winuri (Post Code: 95 375)
9. Talawaan
districts roster Village / Village in District Talawaan City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Kolongan (Post Code: 95
373) - Village / Country Mapanget (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country
Paniki Top (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Patokaan (Post Code: 95 373)
- Village / Country Pinilih (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Talawaan
(Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country TeeP Warisa (Post Code: 95 373) -
Village / Country Tumbohon (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Warisa (Post
Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Winetin (Post Code: 95 373) - Village /
Country WUSA (Post Code: 95 373) - Village / Country Warisa Kampung Baru (Post
Code: 95 373) - Village / New Paniki Village (ZIP: 95373)
10. Wori
districts roster Village / Village in District Wori City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Budo (ZIP: 95376) -
Village / Country Bulo (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country Darunu ( Post Code:
95376) - Village / Kima Bajo Village (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country Kulu
(ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country LANSA (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country lantung
(ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country Mantehage Bango (ZIP: 95376) - Village /
Country Mantehage Buhias (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country Mantehage Agile (ZIP:
95376) - Village / Country Mantehage Tinongko (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country
Minaesa (ZIP: 95376) - District / Village Nain (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country
Ponto (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country Talawaan Top (Code: 95376) - Village /
Country Talawaan Bantik (ZIP: 95376) - Village / Country Tiwoho (Post Code:
95376 ) - Village / Country Wori (ZIP: 95376)
11. Tonsea
districts roster Village / Village in District Tonsea City / North Minahasa
regency, North Sulawesi (Sulawesi): - Village / Country Sawangan Down (Post
Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Sawangan Up (Post Code: 95 371) - Village /
Country Sawangan Kembes (Post Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Patar (Post
Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Tanggari 1 (Post Code: 95 371) - Village /
Country Tanggari II (Post Code: 95 371) - Village / Country Tanggari (Post
Code: 95 371) - District / Village Sampiri (Post Code: 95 371) - Village / Country
Saduan (Post Code: 95 371)
Register Regent and Vice
Regent of North Minahasa
North Minahasa Regency
has been headed by the Regent and Vice Regent as follows:
• Drs. Paul Tirayoh, MBA
(Acting Regent) / January 12, 2004 - March 19, 2005
• Drs. Edwin Silangen
(Acting Regent) / 9 2005 March - August 14, 2005
• Vonnie Anneke
Panambunan (Regent) and Drs. Sompie Singal, MBA (Vice Regent) / August 14, 2005
- April 2008
• Drs. Sompie Singal,
MBA (Bupati) /, 2008 - August 14, 2010
• Drs. Rudy Umboh
(Acting Regent) / 14 August 2010 - 10 December 2010
• Drs. Sompie Singal,
MBA (Regent) & Yulisa Baramuli, SH. (Vice Regent) / December 10, 2010 –
present.
Ancestors of origin
Tandean
of opinion, a linguist and the Ancient Chinese characters, 1997 came in Watu
Pinawetengan examined. Through writing "Min Nan Tou" contained in the
rock, he reveals, tou Minahasa is derived from the land of King Ming Chinese
who came to immigrate to Minahasa. Meaning of Min Nan Tou are "derived
from the island's King Ming. But that opinion by David DS Lumoindong Weak,
because if Minahasa descended from the Ming Dynasty Ming Empire, the Ming
empire Knowledge science should already at an advanced stage should be seen in
Minahasa Architectural Heritage and the letter and the Chinese language in the
year 1200-1400, but the reality before the Ming era relic Europe came there in
Minahasa, so my opinion is very weak Tandean to be used as a basis for the
writing of the history and origin of Minahasa. Based on expert opinion among
ALC Baekman and MB Van Der Jack is derived from the same race with the linkage
Mongolscheplooi Japanese and Mongols are thinking about pleated Mongolia and
Skin Color in common, namely Yellow Langsat. Similarities with the Mongols in
the belief system can be seen in the same religion as the original Minahasa
Mongol shamanism. And also led by Walian directly entered by opo. Shamanism
religion is indeed hereditary upheld by Mongol tribes. Can be seen also in
Kalimantan Dayak, and Korea.
·
Tontemboan language used in South Minahasa Courant, the southern
dialect region Kakas, in Langowan, later in Tompaso ', Kawangkoan, Sonder,
Rumo'ong and Tombasian. Then the party of the speakers-speakers spread across
the region Ranoyapo River 'in the area around G. Lolombulan. The language
consists of two dialects also great that they called and called Matana'i
makela'i of those who say kela'i (that way or maotou) and those who call tana'i
(in the same sense). At matana'i portion consists of dialects Sonder and
Kawangkoan and makela'i consists of a portion of the dialects Langowan, Tompaso
', Rumo'ong and Tombasian. This language is the language most widely put
speakers in the Minahasa.
·
In a large dialect dialect matand'i at Sonder consonant after a vowel
imenjadi k e as tincas "run", sicu "elbow", Mawicere
"his name" and the consonant n after i became ny; when preceded by a
consonant cluster NGK vowel i, then ingkmenjadi inc, seperrti inciriw
"slope", hereinafter wulinya "egg". Tontemboan language
using the prefix ni-, in the sense perfektum, if Tonsea language ', language
and Tombulu' Tondano North-insertion-in-use in the same sense. South Tombulu'
language-dialect Kakas of Language and Language Tondano Tontemboan prefix
ni-wear for the perfektum meaning.
·
Tonsawang language used by the people who occupy administrative area
Tombatu District, with its Tombatu. Ancestor of the tribe who uses this
language, coming from a small island Mayu and Tafure 'in Maluku Strait. Of the
same they landed in Minahasa near the village Atep (beach Tondano), then to Tompaso
'and finally in their current settlements in the southern G. Soputan. The
language is heavily influenced by the language of Minahasa, special Tontemboan
language so that the language is very relative to the Minahasa languages, even
though they are of different origins. If there Tontemboan language prefix ni-in
the sense perfektum, then there Tonsawang language prefix i-, then in North
Minahasa languages other dipergunaan-im-insertion. Language
Tonsaw bul "chicken
hair", Tomb. bul-bul, Tonsea 'budbud; Tonsaw. kaha '"brother",
Tond. Tomb. "Kaka"; Tonsaw. Kalekep "wings", Tond.
kale'kew, Tomb. "Kalebkeb".
·
Ratahan language used around town Ratahan, such as in Ratahan own, then
in Rasi, Liwutung, Molompar, Tatengesan, Castle etc.. Their fathers before
coming in Ratahan come through the Fort, by him also fathers who use this
language called Fort fathers and their woven cloth called Castle. Ratahan
languages have similarities with the language
Sangi, such as: onop "fish scales", Sangi ona '; Owan "gray", Obang;
sa "one", the. Esa 'Iik "small", the. ihi
'"reduced"; low "days", the. elo.
·
Bantik language used in a small area north-west of Manado, which is in
Malalayang, and Kalasei and just north of the city Buha, Workshop
Talawaan-Bantik, Bailang, Molas, Meras and Singkil initially in villages in the
city of Manado, the next village in the district Tanamon Tenga
'(Minahasa-South) and in the village Bantik (formerly Sumoit) in District
Poigar (Bolaang-Bolaang). Ratahan such language, the language of this Bantik Sangi
relatives with language, as evident in the equation of the following words:
bongkow "tumbak", Sang. bengko; babolow "evening", Sang.
babelo; Udung "," dive ", Sang. nevertheless; kayaba ', Sang.
Kalabe "fan the flames"; Hubu ', "barks", Sang. hebu.
·
Language used in the city Ponosakan Belang, Tababo village and in the
village partly Watuliney, in Southeast schools this is Minahasa.Bahasa Bolaang
Bolaang relatives with language. Users of this language is the only sub-ethnic
Minahasa Muslim. Their ancestors came from South Courant. Here we provide a
comparison with Bolaang Bolaang language, as follows giup "blow",
Bol.Mong. girup; sogot, Bol.Mong. Bogot "bind together"; pinsur, Bol
Mong.pintud "touched foot and fell"; gina gina Bol.Mong, "breat
Tonsea is a word that
refers to the sub-ethnic groups in the Land Malesung (Now called Minahasa). As
an ethnic Tonsea has its own language and fit in Minahasa language family.
Tonsea language used by the majority of the people of North Minahasa and Bitung
North Sulawesi. One of the leaders of the tribe Tonsea is Dotulong Xavierius.
Dotulong
Xavierius
Dotulong Xavierius is
one of the leaders of the tribe based in Kema Tonsea now. When corresponding
with the Governor of Ternate Robertus Padtbrugge, Xavier Dotulong using the
Malay language was already widely used by merchants who trade in the
archipelago. Dotulong Xavier is the son of Runtukahu Lumanauw living in Kema
and pioneered the development of this place.
Genealogy Dotulong of Tonsea
Majoor Tololiu H.W. Dotulong (1795-1888)
Groot Willem Hermanus-Majoor
Tololiu Dotulong, born in Kema, January 12, 1795 and died in Sonder, 18
November 1888. He is cece from Dotulong Xavier, a friend of the Governor of
Maluku. He who led an army of residency Manado charge Tulungan 1241 Dutch
soldiers who helped eradicate the Java War (War of Diponegoro). Pasukannyalah
the capture of Prince Diponegoro (from Captain Benjamin Thomas Sigar Tawalijn
Langowan origin).
Chapter II
Discussion
About Tonsea Language
2.1. The Phonological of Tonsea Language
According
to explanation in “Strukture Bahasa Tonsea” (Sangian dkk), in Tonsea language
consist of 6 vowel, but in consonant, there are variation of research of how
many consonant in this language, about, 17 or more.
There are 6 vowel in Tonsea
language, consist of /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, /ə/, and there are 17 consonant in Tonsea language, consist of /p/, /b/,
/t/, /d/, /k/, /g/,/ʔ/, /m/,/n/,/ŋ/,/c/,/l/,/s/,/h/,/r/,/w/,/y/
2.2. Vowel
In Tonsea Language, there are 6
vowel that used. Below is the list of vowel alphabet in Tombulu language with
an example in a word.
|
Vocal alphabet
|
Begin
|
Middle
|
End
|
|
/i/
|
/idan/
‘shy’
|
/pidi ŋ/
‘plate’
|
/muri/
‘behind’
|
|
/e/
|
/endon/
‘take’
|
/peʔen/
‘fish’
|
/ate/
‘liver’
|
|
/a/
|
/asu/
‘dog’
|
/tadi/
‘rope’
|
/wuaʔ/
‘mouth’
|
|
/u/
|
/udan/
‘rain’
|
/tuʔa/
‘elder’
|
/pasuʔ/
‘heat’
|
|
/o/
|
/opoʔ/
‘God’
|
/kokiʔ/
‘small’
|
/dano/
‘lake’
|
|
/ə/
|
/əsa/
‘one’
|
/gərgər/
‘shiver’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.3. Consonant
In Tonsea Language, there are 17 consonant that used. Below is the list of consonant
alphabet in Tonsea language with an example in a word.
|
Consonant alphabet
|
Begin
|
Middle
|
End
|
|
/p/
|
/ peleng/
‘all’
|
/seput/
‘flower’
|
/atep/
‘drink’
|
|
/b/
|
/bengkou /
‘stick’
|
/rəbur/
‘fat’
|
-
|
|
/t/
|
/tuama/
‘men’
|
/pituʔ/
‘seven’
|
/keret/
‘scream’
|
|
/d/
|
/duntəng/
‘ear’
|
/kudo/
‘white’
|
/dumped/
‘thick’
|
|
/k/
|
/kumiki/
‘bite’
|
/niko/
‘you’
|
/pantik/
‘writing’
|
|
/g/
|
/genaŋ/
‘remember’
|
/oge/
‘move’
|
|
|
/ʔ/
|
-
|
/poʔot/
‘belly’
|
/douʔ/
‘far’
|
|
/c/
|
/ciʔ/
‘mother’
|
/cucur/
‘Cucur cake’
|
|
|
/r/
|
/rumondor/
‘stand up’
|
/soram/
‘greedy’
|
/wa ŋker/
‘sell’
|
|
/s/
|
/suma/
‘mouth’
|
/resen/
‘patient’
|
/tələs/
‘buy’
|
|
/h/
|
-
|
-
|
/engah/
‘cough’
|
|
/l/
|
/lewoʔ/
‘bad’
|
/kalo/
‘friend’
|
/kəpəl/
‘superimposed’
|
|
/m/
|
/mainde/
‘fear’
|
/tuama/
‘men’
|
/didəm/
‘black’
|
|
/n/
|
/niko/
‘you’
|
/nawak/
‘body’
|
/resen/
‘patient’
|
|
/ŋ/
|
/ŋaran/
‘name’
|
/laŋkoi/
‘through’
|
/waaŋ/
‘tooth’
|
|
/y/
|
|
/toyo/
‘swim’
|
/kawidey/
‘mango’
|
|
/w/
|
/wəru/
‘new’
|
/wiwi/
‘lips’
|
/sendow/
‘fly’
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.4. Diphtong
According
to Wikipedia, a diphthong also known as agliding vowel,
refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable.Technically,
a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves
during the pronunciation of the vowel.
2.4.1. Rising
Diphtong
Rising (or ascending) diphthongs begin with a less prominent semivowel and end
with a more prominent full vowel. Below are three examples of rising diphthong that included in some
words in Tonsea language
·
Diphtong
[ai]
Example : /nyi’ai/ ‘this’
/tinai/
‘intestine’
·
Diphtong
[oy]
Example : /təloykiʔ/
‘run’
/dangkoy/ ‘through’
/timboy/ ‘money’
/rawoy/
‘tired’
·
Diphtong
[au]
Example : /maupi/ ‘angry’
2.4.2. Falling
Diphtong
Falling (or descending) diphthongs start with a
vowel quality of higher prominence (higher pitch or volume) and
end in a semivowel with less prominence.
2.3.3. Centering
Diphtong
A centering diphthong is one that begins with a
more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central one. Many centering
diphthongs are also opening diphthongs.
2.5. Clusters
In Tonsea
language, we found an example of clusters, the explanation is described below
/ng/
/wangko/ ‘big’
/rundang/ ‘red’
/ngkawisa/‘when(past)’
/tangker/ ‘thunder’
/dangit/ ‘sky’
/ngirung/ ‘nose’
/panga/ ‘branch’
/doang/ ‘wide’
/peleng/ ‘all’
/wengi/ ‘night’
/ngko/ ‘you’
/roongit/ ‘mosquito’
/kilapong/‘lightning’
/wewengku/‘beat’
/dunteng/ ‘ear’
/wa’ang/ ‘teeth’
/rengkung/‘thin’
/seding/ ‘blood’
2.6. Allophones
The ability to group phonetically different sounds
together into one class is shared by all speakers of all languages. This
phonological knowledge is represented formally on a level of phonological
representation. Predictable variants of non-contrastive segments are grouped
together into a phonological unit called a phoneme. These variants, which are
reffered to as allophones, are usually phonetically similar and are frequently
found in complementary distribution.
|
/e/
|
|
[e]
|
|
[é]
|
Example of variants in Tonsea language
2.7. Minimal Pair
According to Wikipedia, Minimal pairs are
pairs of words or
phrases in a particular language, which differ in
only one phonological element. They are used to demonstrate that two phones
constitute two separate phonemes in the language.
In Tonsea language, there are some
examples of minimal pair.
/d/
- /n/
/date/
‘far’
/nate/
‘dead’
/p/ - /w/
/saput/ ‘wrap’
/sawut/ ‘withdraw’
/t/ - /d/
/tutut / ‘fix’
/dudut/ ‘bamboo’
/t/ - /d/
/utək/ ‘brain’
/udək/ ‘run’
2.8. Complementary Distribution
2.8.1. Vowel
Below
are the distribution tabel of vowel in Tonsea language
|
Vowel
|
Begin
|
Middle
|
End
|
|
/i/
|
/ipus/
‘tail’
|
/asin/
‘salt’
|
/kawii/
‘left’
|
|
/e/
|
/eris/
‘sand’
|
/pera/
‘dry’
|
/kumeke/
‘laugh’
|
|
/a/
|
/awu/
‘dust’
|
/kuman/
‘eat’
|
/dida/
‘tongue’
|
|
/u/
|
/udan/
‘rain’
|
/tuama/
‘men’
|
/udu/
‘head’
|
|
/o/
|
-
|
/koki/
‘little’
|
/mempo/
‘sit’
|
|
/ə/
|
/əpat/
‘four’
|
/dəngən/
‘hand’
|
-
|
2.8.2. Consonant
Below are the distribution tabel of consonant in Tonsea language
|
Consonant
|
Begin
|
Middle
|
End
|
|
/p/
|
/pasu/
‘heat’
|
/maupipi/
‘dream’
|
/sumepsep/
‘suck’
|
|
/b/
|
/bobot/
‘rat’
|
/dambo/
‘long’
|
-
|
|
/t/
|
/tawa/
‘fat’
|
/puti/
‘white’
|
/kumoot/
‘hide’
|
|
/d/
|
/dano/
‘lake’
|
/seding/
‘blood’
|
/dempad/
‘thick’
|
|
/k/
|
/kumiar/
‘dig’
|
/rumeken/
‘count’
|
/rerek/
‘dirt’
|
|
/g/
|
/genang/
‘remember’
|
/gerger/
‘shiver’
|
-
|
|
/m/
|
/mainde/
’fear’
|
/tuama/
‘men’
|
|
|
/n/
|
/numayo/
‘chew’
|
/endo/
‘afternoon’
|
/lalem/
‘deep’
|
|
/ŋ/
|
/ŋaran/
‘name’
|
/waŋko/
‘big’
|
/jaroŋ/
‘needle’
|
|
/h/
|
/ciʔ/
‘mother’
|
/cucur/
‘cucur cake’
|
|
|
/l/
|
/layas/
‘fire’
|
/melep/
‘drink’
|
/tuməkəl/
‘sleep’
|
|
/r/
|
/ reghes/
‘wind’
|
/weru/
‘new’
|
/ poghar/
‘short’
|
|
/c/
|
|
|
|
|
/ʔ/
|
-
|
/poʔot/
‘belly’
|
/deiyʔ/
‘no’
|
|
/s/
|
/sipa/
‘who’
|
/lesa/
‘large’
|
/tumeles/
‘buy’
|
|
/w/
|
/watu/
‘stone’
|
/lewoʔ/
‘bad’
|
/tetelew/
‘wing’
|
|
/y/
|
-
|
/puyun/
‘grandchild’
|
/rawoy/
‘jaded’
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.9. Syllable
The
syllable is composed of a nucleus (usually a vowel) and its associated
non-syllabic segments. A complete description of the internal structure of a
syllable requires four subsyllabic units. The nucleus (abbreviated N) is the
syllable’s only obligatory member; it is a vocalic element that forms the core
of a syllable. The coda (C) consists of those elements that follow the nucleus
in the same syllable. The rhyme (R) is made up of the nucleus and coda. The
onset (O) is made up of those elements that precede the rhyme in the same
syllable.
|
ð
|
|
Onset
(O)
|
|
Rhyme
(R)
|
|
Rhyme
(R)
|
|
Coda
(C)
|
|
Nucleus
(N)
|
|
Nucleus
(N)
|
|
w
|
|
e
|
|
n
|
|
g
|
|
i
|
Example of a word in Tonsea language /wengi/ ‘night’
Chapter III
Conclusion
Tonsea language is a local
language that spoken in North area of Minahasa regency, including of Airmadidi,
Kauditan, Kema, Dimembe, East Likupang, West Likupang, and Bitung city. But, in
some areas, Tonsea language is not used as everyday language.
English and Tonsea language are the two different
native languages. English comes from Indo-Europe language, whereas Tonsea
language comes from family of language Austronesia (Keraf, 1984:25)
Tonsea language consist of 6 vowels,
consist of /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, /ə/, and there are 17 consonant, consist of /p/, /b/,
/t/, /k/,/d/,/g/,/?/,/m/,/n/,/
ŋ/,/c/,/l/,/s/,/h/,/r/,/w/,/y/.
Nowadays, speaker of Tonsea
language is decreasing, because many young people is not proficient in using
this language. Also, in most of elementary school in Minahasa regency, this
language is not taught anymore.
Revitalisation of this language is needed, because
this language now classified as language that almost extinct.
English and Tonsea language are the two different native
languages. English comes from Indo-Europe language, whereas Tonsea language
comes from family of language Austronesia (Keraf, 1984:25).
Tonsea language is one of
local language from ethnic of Minahasa, used in North of Minahasa regency. Include sub-district of
Airmadidi, Kauditan, Kema, Dimembe, East Likupang, West Likupang, and Bitung
city.
In everyday communication,
the society in the area of Tonsea used Tonsea language. But they also used
bahasa Indonesia, Manado-Malay language and Dutch. Therefore, the language
society in the area of Tonsea including as the multi-linguist society (Danie, 1982:35). However, bahasa
Indonesia is the most language that used for everyday communication.
Tonsea language is
considered as a part of Minahasa culture and also according to latest research
by linguistic experts James N. Sneddon (1978) from Australia about the grouping
of family language in Minahasa.
But nowadays, speaker that
using this language is decreasing and raising concern of some observers that
Tonsea language will be extinct in 25 years later. Because, many young people is
not proficient using this language.
Tonsea
ISO 639-3
Alternate Names
Tonsea’
Population
90,000 (1989), decreasing.
Location
North Sulawesi Province,
northeasternmost tip.
Language Maps
Language Status
6b (Threatened).
Classification
Dialects
Airmadidi, Kalabat Atas,
Kauditan, Likupang, Maumbi.
Language Use
Language Development
Bible portions: 2005–2006.
Writing
Latin script.
Other Comments
Traditional religion, Christian
According
to the investigation of the facts of world culture and archaeological objects
found in Europe, Africa, Asia, America, man is expected to begin to spread to
the corners of the earth since 35 thousand years ago.
In the land
of immigrants Minahasa itself is characterized as
The
curly-haired Kuritis, The Lawangirung (snub-nosed)
The
Malesung / Minahasa tribes were lowered: Tonsea, Tombulu, Tompakewa, Tolour,
rate offerings are (Pasan, Ratahan), Tonsawang, Tribe Bantik minahasa into the
soil around the year 1590.
Malesung
Minahasa tribe or tribes have affinities with the Philippines and Japan, which
is rooted in Mongol China didataran close. It is a real look in physical form
such as eyes, hair, face bones, eye shape, etc.. In languages, including
English language family Minahasa elder-elders Philippines Minahasa history to
lose its derivatives through stories handed down (usually pronounced by the
time the ceremony Tonaas clean the area of the things that
are not good for local communities when starting
a new year
And from
such activity in mind that Opo Opo Lumimuut Toar and are the ancestors of the
Minahasa community, although many versions of the history of these two men to
the ground tersebut.Keluarga Toar Lumimuut Minahasa and settles around the
mountain Wulur Mahatus, and moved to Watuniutakan (near New Tompaso now and
with farm life that is full of family business along with brother / taranak
looks of various dance versions Maengket) Up to a point the family grew in
number it is necessary to set the social interaction within the community,
which through customs regulation in the offspring will be Minahasa culture.
Likewise ism or belief in something more powerful than humans have been
executed since the beginning diMinahasa
Level or
social status is set as follows
Makasiow
group (regulator of worship called Walian / Tonaas) until today the term is
used 2 X 9 (9 Tonaas placed between the ruler of Heaven and Earth, Good is not
good, and all things about the Group balance Makatelu pitu (regulator /
government with a degree Patu'an or 3 X 7 Teterusan / village heads and village
guards called Waranei (7 regulator / government)
Makasiow
group Telu 9 x 9
Over time,
the population increases, housing starts solid and limited land, the
descendants scattered Toarlumimuut Tumani (opens new land) for their survival
as well taranak Pasiyowan Telu Group (folk)
Since the
beginning of Minahasa no nation ever formed a kingdom or a king as head of
government
Head of
government whose title is head of the family is Paedon tu'a or Patu'an what we
now know as the Old Law. The word is derived from Ukung Tua.yang mean old man
who melindungi.Ukung means shackle = protected = guard. Old: mature in age,
think, and take in the life of democracy and populist guaranteed
Ukung Old
people should not be ruled by arbitrary because the people that are the
children and grandchildren, before opening her own family estates, negotiate
first and once that is done must be with mapalus In the work contained in the
regulatory or supervisory Tonsea called Mopongkol or Rumarantong , in Tolour
called Sumesuweng
In Minahasa
unknown system of slavery, as lasimnya in other areas on the warrant, such as
in royal Bolaang, Sangir, Tobelo, Tidore etc.. This makes some of the groups
Walian Makaruwa Siyow (executive wants to be treated as a king. Bolaang like
kings, king of Ternate, Sanger king they hear and see when barter household
materials. Having tested the method applied in the community Minahasa by some
custody / legal resistance arising old uprising triggered simultaneously across
Minahasa by layers of people / Pasiyowan Telu, reason being, is not customary
rule derived Opo Toar Lumimuut, where power is run by an arbitrary
As a result
of the rebellion, order of life in Minahasa be erratic, customs regulations
ignored damaged, struggle between family farms This makes the class makarua /
makadua Siow (Tonaas) felt the need to take precautions to seek
consensus-driven highway Tonaas-Tonaas seniors from around the Minahasa in Watu
Pinabetengan
Minahasa
widespread in this era is from the beach Likupang, Bitung up to the mouth of
the river to the mountain Ranoyapo Soputan, Kawatak mountain and river after
river Ranoyapo Rumbia region and Poigar, Tonsawang, Ratahan, Ponosakan is
included Bolaang Bolaang empire, until roughly century 14
In
deliberations, attended by all descendants Toar Lumimuut, memilihTonaas Kopero
of Tompakewa as chairman, assisted members of the Muntuuntu Tonaas Tombulu and
Tonaas Mandey of Tonsea.mereka tasked to consolidate the three groups Minahasa
TSB. Deliberation results page, the majority of people associated with the name
of a place known as the deliberations take place now with Pinawetengan Watu
(stone place where they come together and then split) aims to restore the
inherited custom Toar Lumimuut. 9 principal results of deliberation are:
Head of
government chosen from the old, honest, courageous, authoritative, strong and
bold advance in every way
All efforts
should be discussed
Council of
elders (Patuosan) who supervise the administration by the Old Law
Maintaining
good habits already. (Kenaramen
Tightening
the authority of parents to children
Women and
men are equal
Message
elders should not be underestimated. (Taar
Since that
time held by the government in Minahasa People (Pasiowan Barbadensis) since
democracy began to be implemented
Another
important decision is membagai Minahasa region into 4 regions Tontewoh,
Tombulu, Tompakewa, Tolour
The term
Tontewoh Tonsea replaced in 1679 while the term Tompakewa Tontemboan replaced
in 1875
After
completion of deliberations in Watu Pinabetengan, every tribal child Malesung
Land / Minahasa ie 4 independent tribal children and headed back Tonaas each
with walak (autonomous government) collection of several villages / Wanua.
Tonsea tribe led Tonaas Tonaas Rogi Walalangi and headed toward the Northeast
Tenggari eastward.Tombulu northern tribes led to Tonaas Walian Mapumpun, Tonaas
Belung and Tonaas Kekeman to Majesu.
Tolour tribes went to East to Atep led
Tonaas Singal.Tontemboan tribes went to Northwestern occupies approximately
Kaiwasian Tombasian.
Tonsea
tribal children Of Niaranan, Tonsea tribe moved to Kembuan. In the area grow
sea timber used as a medicine. That's why they call their tribe or Tonsea Tou
un sea. Family of Kembuan as follows:
Tonaas
Rurugala family inhabited the Walantakan
Tonaas
family inhabited the Wenas Sinalahan.
Tonaas
Roringtudus family occupies Tiwoho area.
Tonaas
Maramis family inhabited the Kinarepuan
Tonaas
Roringwailan family occupies Kuhun area.
Tonaas
Sigarlaki family and occupies the area Tonaas Maidangkai Maandon.
Tonaas
Runtukahu family, occupying the area Kumelembuai.
Tonaas
Kapongoan family and Tonaas Dotulung occupy Kema area.
15th century Tonaas Dotulung, Tonaas
Tidajoh, Tonaas Koagou master Dimembe area. One of the things that stands out
in Tonsea is still the one walak / Tonsea tribal children. Tonsea remain intact
under Tonaas Dotulung one who later changed his name to Dotulong.
Bibliography
o
Nova, M.
Tawas. 1996. “Analisa Kontrastif Fonem
Konsonan Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Tonsea”, Universitas Sam Ratulangi
o Maxi, Kandou. 1994. “Analisis Kontrastif Kata Ganti Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Tonsea”,
Universitas Sam Ratulangi
o N.Grafland. 1878.’’ Inilah kitab deri Hal Tanah Minahasa ‘roterdam’’
Link
:\
www.wikipedia.tonsea.language.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtong
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pair
http://languge.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language
http://word-dialect.blogspot.com/2012/bahasa-minahasa-tonsea
http;//Tonsealanguage./org/2001/06-bahasa.west
www,tonseablogspot.htp.com
Appendix
amut :
root
api :
fire
asin :
salt
asu :
dog
ate :
liver
atep :
roof
awu :
dust/ash
benkou :
lance
bobot :
rat
bu’ :
dad
da’a :
darah
dangkoi :
through
dengen :
hand
dadi’na :
leaf
deiy’ :
no
dangit :
sky
dano :
lake
date’ :
cold
dee’ :
neck
dembes :
wet
dempad :
thick
dengen :
hand
dida’ :
tongue
dikidiki :
stick
dou’ :
far
dui :
bone
dunteng :
ear
endo :
afternoon
engur :
cloud
epa :
what?
esa :
one
etedu :
egg
genang :
remember
gerger :
shiver
idan :
shy
irus :
spoon
ipus :
tail
jarong :
needle
ka’awu :
husband
ka’awu :
wife
karibobotan : spider
kawii :
left
kenawan :
right
kila’pong : lightning
koki’ :
little
ko’ko :
bird
kuman :
eat
kume’ke :
laugh
kumelang :
walk
kumenit :
sick
kumiar :
dig
kumiki :
bite
kumo’ot :
hide
lalan :
street
lalem :
under, below
layas :
fire
le’os :
fine
lesa :
large
lewo :
bad, evil
ma’ai :
come
makeret :
screaming
maleong :
play
ma’inde :
fear
mame’ :
crying
manayo :
chewing
mareken :
count
mata’ :
green
mata’u :
know, understand
mate :
dead
matou :
alive
maupipi :
dream
maweteng :
sharing
mawewe :
hit
melep :
drink
mempo’ :
sit
ngaran :
name
ngirung :
nose
ngkami :
we
ngkawisa :
when?
ngko :
you
ni aku :
I am, me
ni kami :
we
ni ko :
you
ni sera :
they
numayo :
chew
paduka :
shoulder
pasu’ :
heat
pe’en :
fish
peleng :
all
pera :
dry
pi’pi :
wet
poghar :
short
po’ot :
belly
puti’ :
white
reges :
wind
rengkung :
thin
rende :
near
rerek :
dirt
rinte :
child
ririi :
yellow
ro’ongit :
mosquito
roro :
in, inside
rumangket : burn
rumeken :
count
rumondor :
stand up
rundang :
red
sa :
if
sawa :
snake
seding :
blood
seput :
flower
sipa :
who?
sumake :
climbing
sumegha :
swollen
sumendow :
fly
sumepsep :
suck
sumuwuk :
grow
tadem :
sharp
tadun :
wood, forest
tana’ :
earth, land
taon’ :
year
tasik :
sea
tawa’ :
fat
tawis :
thin
tea’kan :
no
tetelew :
wing
tina’i :
intestine
toti’ :
star
toto’ :
breast
tou :
person,human
tu’a :
old
tuama :
man
tumekel :
sleep
tumeles :
buy
tumnelew :
fly
tumerang :
listen
tumou :
life
tumunu :
burn
udan :
rain
udu :
head
wa’ang :
teeth
wale :
house
wangko :
big
watu :
stone
waya :
all
wengi :
night
weren :
eye
weru :
new
wewene :
women
wisa :
which?
wo :
dan
wua’ :
fruit
wutwut :
fur
wu’uk :
hair
wu’ut :
foul
INSHIP TERM in
TONSEA LANGUAGE
Relatives / Kerabat =
Katuari
Kinship / Kekerabatan =
Patuarian
Elder / Tetua / Dituakan =
Paéndon Tu`a
Ancestor / Leluhur =
Opo( Se mina opo`)
Great Grand Father / Kakek buyut = Tété tu`a
Great Grand Mother / Nenek buyut = Néné tu`a
Grand Father / Kakek =
Tété
Grand Mother / Nenek =
Néné
PArents / Orang Tua =
Tu`a (sé tu`a)
Father/Ayah =
Ama`
( Modern Tonsea Father = Bu`)
Mother/Ibu =
Ina`
(Modern Tonsea Mother =
Ci`)
Uncle / Paman =
Ito`
Aunty / Bibi =
Mui
Children / anak =
rinté
Eldest child / anak sulung =
rinté` tu`a
Youngest child / anak bungsu =
rinté` taweng
Sibling/Saudara Kandung =
Kaketor ( Kaketor tina`i )
Older Sibling / Kakak =
Kaka`
( Kaka` tuama =
older brother ,
Kakak wewene =
older Sister )
Younger Sibling / Adik =
Tuari
( Tuari tuama =
younger brother ,
tuari wewene =younger
Sister )
Twins / Kembar =
Rémpéng
( Si karémpéng =
twin sibling )
Step doughter / anak tiri = Tineloatek
Anak angkat =
Pinaki rinté
( Pinaki rinté witu un sedep =
Murid dalam ilmu kanuragan )
Nephew / Ponakan laki-laki = Paanaken tuama
Niece / Ponakan perempuan =
Paanaken wewéné
Wife / Isteri =
Ka`awu / Karia
Old. Tonsea = Katendé)
Husband / Suami =
Ka`awu
Brother in law / ipar laki-laki = Koséng
Sister in law / ipar perempuan = Ipau
suami dari adik/kakak perempuannya isteri =kawuleng
Son in Law / Mantu laki-laki =
Memosan Tuama
Daughter in law / Mantu perempuan = Memosan Wewéné
Father in law / Ayah mertua =
Pemosanan Tuama
Mother in Law / Ibu Mertua =
Pemosanan Wewéné
Ex-Spouse / Mantan istri atau suami = Tina`asa
MAP ‘;
The Map of
North Minahasa (Tonsea Region)
(source:
http://klabatnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Peta-Minut2.jpg)
INFORMANTS
:
The name of Tou
TONSEA
source :
∞ Ani Tumundo.SH (Kuntua Koka Mapanget Barat)
∞ Oldi Kumayas (Heand
of Environmental)-(PALA)
∞ SHERLY LENGKONG’’ (
house wife living in Mapanget west)
∞ PARANG PETU-PETU’’ (
tua-tua Tonsea ).
∞ RUKUN Tonsea’’ ( karia
Tonsea ).
∞ Ernia Ramis ‘ ’ ( lived
in Talawaan ).
∞ Salindry Kandow.’’ ( lived in Koka mapanget west ).
∞ Pdt.Lisbeth Roring-repi STh.Mth.MM ‘’ ( Tou Tonsea )
∞ Bpk. Maxi Repi (House
Hasband)
∞ Bpk. Younce Pongoh (House
husband)
∞ Melky Lengkong (FARMER)
∞ Martha Awuy (Tua-tua Tonsea)
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